Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of different residue coverage on soil and water conservation of the black soil on 4° slope. Three parallel conditions were set up in the experiment, which were five residue coverage (bare, 15%, 35%, 55% and 75%), four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm/h), two initial soil moistures (8% and 30%, corresponding to dry and wet operation). The results showed that residue cover had positive effects on reducing the soil erosion and the runoff and sediment production of the black soil, and the higher the coverage, the more obvious the inhibition. The water conservation benefits under the 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% residue coverage could reach 30%, 27%, 57% and 72%, respectively. The soil conservation effects under the four residue coverages could reach 36%, 53%, 89% and 94%, respectively. Exponential functions were established between the soil and water conservation benefits and the residue coverage. Compared with the water conservation benefit, the soil conservation benefit of residual cover was more obvious. Residue cover could not only increase the nutrient contents, but also an effective way for the black soil protection.