It is of great importance to know the soil erosion situation, spatial distribution and variation pattern and its internal driving factors in Soil and Water Loss Dynamic Monitoring Area of Sichuan Province for the warning of ecological conditions and controlling of soil erosion. In this paper, China Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) method was used for calculating the overall soil erosion situation of the monitoring area. The different soil erosion sensitivity assessments was used to identify the sensitivity factor in CSLE, GeoDetector was used to explore the spatial distribution and variation pattern and its internal driving factors in the monitoring area. The results indicated that the intensity of soil erosion in the monitoring area was mainly micro erosion, the average modulus of soil erosion was 806.08 t/(km²·a), which belonged to the mild erosion. But the soil erosion in the area was obviously different, and serious soil erosion occurred in some local area. Soil erosion sensitivity analysis showed that biological measure factor B was the most sensitive factor in CSLE. Quantitative attribution of soil erosion in different soil and water conservation zones showed that land use was the main driving force for spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion, and the interaction of the two factors could increase the ability to explain the spatial distribution of soil erosion. There was a significant difference in the extent of each factor in different soil and water conservation zones. Therefore, when using CSLE to calculate the amount of soil erosion, it was the key to improve the calculation accuracy by establishing regionalization algorithms for sensitive factors in different research areas. This study could provide a basic reference for the prevention and control of soil erosion in the monitoring area.