In order to reveal the erosion characteristics under different land use types in Jianshan River watershed in central Yunnan Province, the soil in different soil layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) under four different land use types (sloping farmland, bare land, forest land and garden land) was taken as the research object. The effects of different land use types on soil erosion resistance were studied by measuring and analyzing 15 soil erosion resistance indexes. The results showed that the contents of>5 mm water-stable aggregates in sloping farmland and bare land were significantly lower than those in forestland and garden land. The content of>5 mm water-stable aggregates in sloping farmland (12.72%) was higher than that in sloping farmland (8.93%), and the contents of>0.25 mm aggregates in sloping farmland decreased with the increase of soil depth. The structural failure rate of soil aggregates was bare land > sloping farmland > forest land > garden land. The soil organic carbon contents were significantly positively correlated with the contents of>0.25 mm water stable aggregates. Under different land use types, forest land and garden land had the highest corrosion resistance index, structure coefficient, agglomeration degree, soil structure and stability, dispersive strength, water and fertilizer retention capacity, the larger water stability index, the smallest dispersion coefficient and the strongest corrosion resistance. The order of the comprehensive corrosion resistance index of different land use types was garden land (0.823 6) > forest land (0.520 4) > sloping farmland (-0.382 2) > bare land (-0.961 8). In conclusion, artificial afforestation could significantly improve the structural stability of the original soil, and garden land and forest land had obvious advantages in increasing soil erosion resistance. Strengthening plantation construction could be an effective measure for soil improvement in the study area.