In order to understand the water conservation capacity of litters and soils in different forest types in the Huangpu River, and improve the protection and management level of water conservation forests, this paper took five typical artificial pure forests (the Cinnamomum camphora forest, Osmanthus fragrans forest, Koelreuteria paniculata foerst, Sapindus mukorossi forest and Taxodium ascendens forest) in the Pujiang Country Park on the east side of the middle reaches of the Huangpu River as the research object. Water conservation capacities of the litter layer and soil layer in different forest stands were studied by cutting-ring method, drying method and indoor immersion method. The water conservation capacities were also quantitatively compared by combining the modified interception amounts of the litters and the effective water storage capacities of the soils. The results showed that the modified interception amounts of the litters in the five forest stands were 7.74~27.90 t/hm², Taxodium ascendens forest > Sapindus mukorossi forest > Osmanthus fragrans forest > Koelreuteria paniculata foerst > Cinnamomum camphora forest. The effective water storage capacities of the soils in the five forest stands were 104.87~174.01 t/hm², Koelreuteria paniculata foerst > Sapindus mukorossi forest > Cinnamomum camphora forest > Taxodium ascendens forest > Osmanthus fragrans forest. The sum of the modified interception amounts of the litters and the effective water storage capacities of the soils were 116.79~184.17 t/hm². It showed that the litters and soils in Koelreuteria paniculata and Sapindus mukorossi forests had the stronger water conservation capacities, followed by Taxodium ascendens, Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans forests. Therefore, during the construction and management of water conservation forest in the future, it is suggested that deciduous broad-leaved tree species should be selected as a priority, and coniferous tree species and evergreen broad-leaved tree species be properly planted, and the protection of the surface litter layer could be strengthened, so that the forest could play better role in water conservation.