Selecting oyster shells with the best adsorption performance of phosphorus as the fillers, and three bio-retention simulation devices (column A:aquaculture oyster shell; column B:beach oyster shell; column C:aquaculture oyster shell with submergence area) were constructed in the laboratory. The effects of oyster shell as fillers on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD, which were common pollutants in urban runoff in Qingdao, were studied by using road runoff simulation as inflow, and the removal mechanism of pollutants was discussed. The results showed that the removal efficiency of total phosphorus was the best in three kinds of biological detention devices filled with oyster shell. Under the condition of influent phosphorus concentration of 0.57~1.83 mg/L, the average removal rates of the unsubmerged area and the submerged area were 96.12% and 91.02%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the phosphorus removal efficiency between aquaculture oyster shell and beach oyster shell, and the submergence area was not conducive to phosphorus removal. The effluent concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺) in the three simulation devices was higher than the influent concentration in the first five influents. Whereas, after extending the drying period, the NH₄⁺ removal rate of the devices all increased, and the average NH₄⁺ removal rate of B column (58.83%) was greater than that of A column (48.77%) and C column (53.06%), and the submergence area had no obvious effect on NH₄⁺ removal. Due to the leachate of organic matter in the filler, serious COD leaching occurred in the first influent. However, the removal efficiency of COD increased rapidly and stabilized in the subsequent influent process, and the removal rates of three columns were 50.34%, 23.47% and 47.75%, respectively. Because of the inhibition of denitrification, the removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^-) was not good. Overall, the oyster shell could be used as filler in Qingdao biological detention facilities. In order to enhance the removal efficiency of NO₃ ^- in the detention facilities, it was necessary to adopt intensified nitrogen removal measures.