The effect of different shrub grassland on soil anti-erodibility in alpine areas in eastern Qilian Mountains was studied by the method of field investigation and laboratory analysis. In this research, three alpine shrub grasslands were selected in the experimental area, which were Potentilla fruticosa shrub grassland，Salix shrub grassland and Rhododendron shrub grassland. The results showed that large-aggregate (＞0.5 mm aggregate) was the main composition of water-stable aggregate in different shrub grassland. The order of soil structure damage rate of different alpine shrub grassland was Salix shrub grassland>Rhododendron shrub grassland＞Potentilla fruticosa shrub grassland. Soil aggregate survival rate of Rhododendron shrub grassland was the lowest. The order of soil water stable index of different alpine shrub grassland was Rhododendron shrub grassland（97.1%）＞Salix shrub grassland（96.9%）＞Potentilla fruticosa shrub grassland（95.8%）. The soil water stability index of Rhododendron shrub grassland was the biggest（95.0%）.Otherwise, Potentilla fruticosa shrub grassland was the smallest（92.9%）. So the soil anti-erodibility of Rhododendron shrub grassland was the best, Potentilla fruticosa shrub grassland was the worst. Through the grey correlation method, ＞0.5 mm machinery aggregate content, ＞0.25 mm aggregate content, ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate content, ＞0.5 mm water-stable aggregate content, soil structure damage rate, mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate, organic matter, soil disintegration rate, soil water stable index and soil anti-erodibility were selected to evaluate soil anti-erodibility. The results showed that the main factor influencing soil anti-erodibility in alpine shrub grassland was the water stable index, ＞0.25 mm stable aggregate and water stability aggregate average diameter.