Accurate assessment of spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion and nutrient loss is the basis of regional soil and water conservation and ecological environment governance. Based on GIS spatial analysis technology and RUSLE model, soil erosion and nutrient loss were quantitatively evaluated in Yunnan Province. The results showed that the soil erosion area was 1 835.91×10⁴ hm² in Yunnan Province, accounting for 48.07% of the total area, and the mean annual erosion modulus was 15.65 t/(hm²·a) with a total of 597.52×10⁶ t/a of potential soil loss. The intensity of soil erosion was mainly micro-erosion and mild erosion, but extremely strong erosion and severe erosion were the main sources of sediment yield. The soil erosion intensity was higher in southwestern Yunnan and lower in northwestern Yunnan. Soil erosion mainly occurred in summer (June-August), and dry land was the main source of sediment yield. The thickness of the lost soil layer was mainly distributed between 0 and 2 mm/a, and the average value was 1.19 mm/a. As the thickness of the lost soil layer increasing, the proportion of the corresponding area presented a decreasing trend. The average loss modulus of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP) was 820.00 kg/(hm²·a), 55.19 kg/(hm²·a), 3.32 kg/(hm²·a), 0.32 kg/(hm²·a), respectively. The spatial distribution of the four nutrient losses had certain aggregation characteristics, and the overall performance was that the western region was larger than the eastern region. These findings could provide scientific basis for water and soil conservation planning and ecological environment construction in Yunnan Province.