Based on the InVEST model and water footprint theory, the characteristics and matching status of water service supply and demand in Shiyang River Basin were analyzed, and the spatial heterogeneity of water service supply and demand status and its main driving factors were explored by using geographical detector. The results showed that:(1) From 2010 to 2018, the water service supply capacity was improved, showing a spatial trend of high in the south and low in the north. The total demand for water service showed a significant rising trend, and the demand for water service in irrigated agricultural areas and industrial areas in the middle of the basin was large. (2) The water service supply and demand matching situation was significantly improved during the study period. In 2018, the area that could fully meet the water service supply and demand was increased by 24.9% compared with that in 2010. (3) The interaction between land use types and other influencing factors was the most obvious. In different regions, the explanatory ability of each factor was significantly different. Land use types had the strongest explanatory power for ESDR spatial differentiation in the middle and lower reaches of arid regions with flat topography. However, in the upper reaches of the high and cold semi-arid and semi-humid regions with large surface fluctuations, the explanatory ability of annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration was constantly enhanced, which became the key driving factor.