Although vegetation coverage has been restored and the ecological environment has been greatly improved through efforts of decades, the soil erosion is still serious in the red soil hilly region of Southern China. Taking the typical Lian River watershed as the study area, the effects of vegetable landscape patterns on runoff and sediment were analyzed using the long-term historical land use, runoff (1958-2017), and sediment data (1964-2017). The results showed that:The runoff in the basin was decreasing, but the sediment was increasing. Forestland was the dominant landscape, and fruit land had the largest growth rate. At landscape level, patch size coefficient of variation(PSCV),and Shannon's diversity index(SHDI) were positively associated with runoff,while contagion index(CONTAG) was negatively associated with runoff. Number of patches(NP),Patch density (PD),Edge density (ED), Area-weighted mean shape index(AWMSI),and Shannon's diversity index(SHDI)were negatively associated with sediment. At class level,the class area (CA) and edge density (ED) of farmland were negatively associated with runoff,however positively associated with sediment. The PSCV and AWMSI of forestland were positively associated with runoff,CA was negatively associated with runoff, and NP and PD were positively associated with sediment. The CA and ED of shrub forest were negatively associated with runoff. All the landscape pattern indexes of fruit land were positively associated with runoff and negatively associated with sediment. The NP and PD of grassland were negatively associated with runoff.